Introduction Knowing your Bash version (the Bourne Again Shell) is essential for maintaining compatibility, debugging scripts, and ensuring system security. Different versions of Bash introduce new features, fix vulnerabilities, and improve performance. In this guide, you’ll learn how to check your Bash version, why it matters, and what to do with that information. Why Check Your Bash … Read more
Introduction The load average is a key metric for evaluating the performance and utilization of your Linux system. It provides insights into the system’s workload over time and helps identify potential bottlenecks. This guide explains how to interpret load averages using the uptime command, their significance, and best practices for maintaining system health. What Is Load Average? The load average represents … Read more
Introduction The sadf command in Linux is a powerful tool for working with system performance data collected by sar. It allows you to display and export this data in multiple formats, making it easier to analyze, share, and integrate with modern tools. Additionally, it can convert older sar files into newer, more accessible formats. In this guide, we’ll cover how to … Read more
Introduction The rsync command is one of the most powerful and versatile tools in Linux for synchronizing and transferring files and directories. Whether you need to back up data, mirror files, or transfer data across systems (locally or remotely), rsync is an essential utility for efficient file management. This guide explores the basics of rsync, its syntax, … Read more
Introduction The OOM Killer (Out-of-Memory Killer) is a critical mechanism in Linux that steps in when the system runs out of memory. It terminates processes to free up memory and keep the system running. While it’s a lifesaver in low-memory situations, its behavior can sometimes seem arbitrary or confusing. To help you understand the concept behind the … Read more
Introduction If you’ve worked with Linux systems, you may have noticed directories with names like /etc/logrotate.d/ or /etc/cron.d/. These .d folders follow a convention used by many services, from MariaDB to SSH, and from the kernel to PAM. Once you understand their purpose, you’ll start seeing them everywhere—such as mariadb.conf.d, sshd_config.d, modprobe.d, and pam.d. But why does a system need directories like /etc/logrotate.d/ for placing configuration files … Read more
Introduction In SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) clusters, the hb_report command is an essential tool for gathering detailed diagnostic information about a High-Availability (HA) cluster. This tool is crucial for troubleshooting cluster issues, identifying failures, and analyzing the health of the cluster environment. Whether you’re an administrator working on an HA cluster or a support engineer diagnosing issues, hb_report simplifies the process by … Read more
Linux provides various commands for text formatting and editing, and one particularly useful command is the nl command. This tool allows you to add line numbers to each line of a text file or input, making it easier to read and organize content. What Does the nl Command Do? The nl command displays the contents of a text file with line numbers added … Read more
Troubleshooting Linux systems often requires browsing logs to identify issues effectively. Knowing the right keywords to search for can help narrow down problems quickly. This guide categorizes common issues and provides relevant keywords and log file suggestions for Linux systems, whether in cloud environments or on-premises. 1. Authentication and Access Issues Keywords: Logs to Check: … Read more
Mastering Linux commands can significantly improve your efficiency in the terminal. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced user, these handy tips will help you navigate, manage files, and optimize your workflow. 1. Switch Back to the Last Directory If you need to quickly return to the last directory you were in, use: This command … Read more